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		</div><p>St Mark’s Basilica suffered at least five million euros (£4.2 million) in damage during last month’s floods in Venice, officials said as they described efforts to preserve its historic features.</p>
<p><em>“Every stone is a treasure,”</em> said Giuseppe Maneschi, technical director of the basilica’s vestry board, indicating the prized gold-leaf mosaics overhead, the inlaid stone pavement and the marble clad walls of the 923-year-old masterpiece.</p>
<p>Many are vulnerable to the infiltration of sea water during the lagoon city’s ever-higher tides.</p>
<p>Constructed atop two previous churches on a site that early Venetians believed was among the most secure in the Canal City, the basilica suffered substantial damage during November’s devastating great tides.</p>
<p>The first, on November 12, was the highest in 53 years, followed by two above 1.5 metres (4.9ft), a series of severe inundations never before recorded.</p>
<p>Though the highest was seven centimetres less than the famed 1966 flood of 1.94 metres, St Mark’s chief caretaker Carlo Alberto Tesserin said: <em>“We say this was the worst.”</em></p>
<p>Unlike other natural disasters, like for example an earthquake that leaves images of collapsed bell towers and fallen walls, fresh damage from the Venice floods is so far not visible to the naked eye.</p>
<p><em>“Someone who comes to Venice to see the high water, and who goes to St Mark’s Square the next day, sees tables in the square, says, ‘Hey, look, the orchestra is playing. Nothing is wrong here’. While in reality, what is hidden is everything we have verified in these days,”</em> said Mr Tesserin, who submitted the damage estimate earlier this month to city and national officials.</p>
<p>Peaking at 1.87 metres (6.14ft) above sea level, last month’s great tide was accompanied by wind gusts of up to 120kph (around 75mph) that pushed the waters even higher, flooding through the windows in St Mark’s crypt of patriarchs.</p>
<p>The gale-force gusts buffeted the basilica’s domes, tearing away lead tiles, Mr Tesserin said.</p>
<p>Both the floodwaters entering from the windows and the ripping away of lead tiles were firsts in the basilica’s history.</p>
<p>Witnesses reported waves in St Mark’s Square never before seen.</p>
<p>The Venice Patriarch told a news conference that they were like waves at the seashore, a first in his experience despite having witnessed “the piazza full of water many times”.</p>
<p><em>“It was the first time that I was truly afraid,”</em> said Mr Maneschi, the vestry board technical director.</p>
<p>The assault was three-pronged: Water was entering from the piazza, through the narthex, from the crypt windows, while also pushing up from below the basilica.</p>
<p>Mr Maneschi worked with others to move precious objects, such as a standing crucifix, higher.</p>
<p>The crypt remained under water for nearly 24 hours, while two more exceptional floods over 1.5 metres kept the basilica closed for a week.</p>
<p>Before reopening, workers washed the basilica floors four times with fresh water – a necessary treatment but one that carries risks as the salt is abrasive against pavement stones, Mr Maneschi said.</p>
<p>Salt, not water, is the real culprit.</p>
<p>The brackish water is absorbed by the marble columns or cladding and into the brick structure, creeping higher and higher up the basilica walls and supporting columns.</p>
<p>As the water dries, the granules of salt expand to create multiple tiny explosions inside the stone, brick and marble that weaken their structure.</p>
<p><em>“Even at a height of 12 metres (nearly 40ft), we have salt that comes out, that crystallises,”</em> Mr Maneschi said.</p>
<p><em>“The disaster is inside, where we cannot see. But we can monitor with new technology.”</em></p>
<p>Past damage, compounded over the years, is evident throughout the basilica in brittle marble benches and cladding eaten away over the years, in some places exposing the brick walls.</p>
<p>Gauze has been placed over vulnerable sections of peacock mosaics in the pavement, which also suffers under the footfall of around five million visitors a year.</p>
<p>Now, architects suspect that concrete barriers built in the 1990s to prevent water from entering the crypt from beneath the basilica were damaged by the force of last month’s floods.</p>
<p>Mr Tesserin said they believe the water flooding in from the crypt windows was actually a blessing in disguise, creating pressure that prevented the lagoon rising beneath the basilica from shattering those concrete barriers, called “vasca”, or Italian for “tub”.</p>
<p>Workers last week were removing the crypt’s marble flooring, which lies 20cm (8in) below sea level, to observe whether there are indeed cracks allowing water to infiltrate.</p>
<p>The Venice landmark includes 130 different kinds of marble – some of which no longer exist – that tell the story of ancient conquests.</p>
<p>Treasures, such as the Madonna Nicopeia that accompanied Byzantine armies to battle, populate every corner, more than the average admirer can possibly assimilate in one visit.</p>
<p>But the real prize, Mr Tesserin notes, are its 8,500 square metres (91,500 square feet) of mosaics.</p>
<p>It may seem crazy to a modern eye that such a precious basilica was established at Venice’s lowest point.</p>
<p>The piazza outside floods at 80cm (around 30in), and water passes the narthex into the church at 88cm (reinforced from a previous 65cm), floods the Zen Chapel at 1.2 metres and the baptistery goes under at 1.3 metres.</p>
<p>But Mr Tesserin said that when the third basilica was built, “it was in the position that was considered most safe”.</p>
<p>It has become vulnerable with the passage of centuries, due to the subsidence, or sinking of the land, accompanied by a sea level that has risen 12 centimetres over the last 50 years, and climate change, which has made forecasting high tides in Venice more difficult.</p>
<p>Damage can be seen on the bottom of a column of precious Aquitaine marble in the narthex.</p>
<p>The capitals are carved with images of lions and eagles, indicating they are of imperial origin and not religious, and therefore believed to have been sacked from Constantinople during the fourth Crusade, Mr Maneschi said.</p>
<p>Analysis only this year indicates that the capitals were made even more ornate by gold leaf covering and lapis lazuli inserts – which have long disappeared.</p>
<p>The base of one of the decorative columns is badly corroded.</p>
<p>But the dark Aquitaine marble prized by ancient civilisations can no longer be found.</p>
<p><em>“The day it falls, we will replace it with another marble. But as long as it resists, we will keep this,”</em> Mr Maneschi said.</p>
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