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		</div><p>The growing resistance to drugs used to treat infections should be treated as an “economic and security threat”, according to a major review of antibiotic resistance.</p>
<p>Tackling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is “absolutely essential”, said Lord Jim O’Neill as he published a global action plan to prevent drug-resistant infections and defeat the rising threat of so-called superbugs.</p>
<p>Lord O’Neill described the increasing resistance to antibiotic drugs as “facing a growing enemy with a largely depleted armoury”.</p>
<p>One of the proposals set out in his review suggests that drug companies should be rewarded with one billion dollars if they develop new antibiotics.</p>
<p>The report warns that if antibiotics lose their effectiveness then key medical procedures – including gut surgery, caesarean sections, joint replacements, and chemotherapy – could become too dangerous to perform.</p>
<p>Projections suggest that if nothing is done to control AMR, there will be 10 million deaths each year by 2050. Failure to act will also cost the world over 100 trillion US dollars in lost output, the review suggests.</p>
<p>The review, commissioned by Prime Minister David Cameron in 2014, sets out a series of measures to try and tackle the threat of AMR, including:</p>
<p>1. Reducing the unnecessary use of antimicrobial drugs in healthcare settings</p>
<p>2. Monitoring and reducing superfluous use of the drugs in farming. It also calls for quicker progress to be made on banning or restricting antibiotics that are vital for human health from being used in animals.</p>
<p>3. Better use of diagnostic tools to help reduce unnecessary use of the drugs – the review states that many doctors prescribe antibiotics based only on their immediate assessment of a patient’s symptoms, but it says by 2020 all antibiotic prescriptions will need to be informed by up to date surveillance and a rapid diagnostic test, wherever one exists.</p>
<p>4. A global public awareness campaign about problem of drug resistance.</p>
<p>5. Increasing the supply of new antibiotic drugs.</p>
<p>The review points out that a new class of antibiotic has been been seen for decades because of a lack of incentive for investment in research and development. It suggests that one way to encourage the development of new drugs would be to handsomely reward drug developers.</p>
<p>In his forward to the report, Lord O’Neill wrote: “We need to tackle the supply problem: we need new drugs to replace the ones that are not working any more because of resistance.</p>
<p>“We have not seen a truly new class of antibiotics for decades. It is in policy makers’ hands to change this. We have recommended that countries must review carefully how they buy and price antibiotics, to reward innovative new drugs without encouraging unnecessary use of new antibiotics.</p>
<p>“In addition to this work at the national level, we need a group of countries such as the G20 to get together and provide for a reward to developers of new antibiotics after they are approved for use by patients.</p>
<p>“These market entry rewards, of around one billion US dollars each would be given to the developers of successful new drugs, subject to certain conditions to ensure that the new drugs are not ‘over-marketed’ and yet are available to patients who need them wherever they live.”</p>
<p>The review also sets out how the proposal should be financed – through governments, international institutions and taxation on current antibiotic drugs. It also suggests that pharmaceutical companies who do not invest in research for AMR should be forced to pay an “antibiotic investment charge”.</p>
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