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		</div><p>The bleating and bells of some 1,200 sheep and 200 goats took over Madrid on Sunday morning as part of a festival that recreates the pastoral practice of moving livestock to new grazing grounds.</p>
<p>Shepherds herded the animals through the paved streets of the Spanish capital while reenacting what their ancestors did for centuries: move flocks from cool highlands in the summer to lowland winter pastures.</p>
<p>Madrid, Spain’s lively capital city, has always been part of the 78,000-mile grid of farming paths that cover the Iberian Peninsula.</p>
<p>As part of the Transhumance Festival, organisers make a symbolic payment for the right to use the drovers’ route that crosses the capital.</p>
<p>The payment presented at Madrid’s city hall in medieval Spain’s currency consists of 50 maravedis, as stated in an agreement between the city and shepherds that dates back to 1418.</p>
<p>The closeness of the animals delighted the urban dwellers who gathered to watch the unfamiliar ritual. Children tried to touch the soft merino wool of the locally bred sheep.</p>
<p>Madrid has held the festival since 1994, and towns and smaller cities in Italy, France and California hold similar events.</p>
<p>In Spain, modern farming methods have reduced practising transhumance – the seasonal movement of livestock – to a small group of farmers that keep the tradition alive through associations such as Concejo de la Mesta, who are responsible for the Transhumance Festival in Madrid.</p>
<p>They promote transhumance for advantages such as sustainability, cultural value and environmental protection since areas walked by sheep are less prone to wildfires.</p>
<p>According to the Transhumance and Nature Association, 52 families carry out the practice in Spain.</p>
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