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		</div><p>Dr Bernard Lown, a Massachusetts cardiologist who invented the first reliable heart defibrillator and later co-founded an anti-nuclear war group that was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize, has died aged 99.</p>
<p>The Boston Globe reported the Lithuania-born doctor’s health had been declining from congestive heart failure.</p>
<p>He died in his Boston-area home.</p>
<p>Dr Lown, who was a professor at Harvard University and a physician at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, had helped advance cardiac treatment.</p>
<p>He had been among the first doctors to emphasise the importance of diet and exercise in treating heart disease and introduced the drug Lidocaine as a treatment for arrhythmia, the Globe reports.</p>
<p>In 1962, Dr Lown invented the direct-current defibrillator, or cardioverter, which uses electric shocks to get hearts to resume beating.</p>
<p>He was also an outspoken social activist, founding Physicians for Social Responsibility in 1960 and later co-founding International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War in the 1980s, the newspaper reports.</p>
<p>The international anti-war group called for a moratorium on testing and building nuclear weapons.</p>
<p>It was awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize for raising awareness about the consequences of nuclear war during the height of Cold War tensions between the US and the Soviet Union.</p>
<p>At its peak, the group had more than 200,000 members and chapters in more than 60 countries.</p>
<p>“To me, you cannot be committed to health without being engaged in social struggle for health,” Dr Lown told the Globe in 2001.</p>
<p>Dr Lown was born in Utena, Lithuania, in 1921 and moved in 1935 with his father, a rabbi, to Lewiston, Maine, where a bridge now bears his name.</p>
<p>He graduated from the University of Maine and received his medical degree from Johns Hopkins University in Maryland.</p>
<p>The Globe reports Dr Lown will be buried privately but the family, which includes his three children and a number of grandchildren, will announce a public memorial service later.</p>
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